What is SCORM and how does it work?

What is SCORM? 

What is SCORM in e-learning? SCORM stands for Sharable Content Object Reference Model. It’s all about making learning management systems (LMS) and e-learning content compatible across many different SCORM-friendly systems. This makes it easier and faster to reuse content without having to tweak it for use on different platforms. 

What are SCOs? 

Sharable Content Objects (SCOs) are the basic building blocks of SCORM. They are pieces of e-learning material that can be shared between various systems within a single organization and beyond. SCOs can take different forms (like a single lesson, a piece of microcontent, or a training module). Whatever form they take, they are always free-standing and reusable. 

Reference Model 

SCORM is considered a “Reference Model” rather than a standard because it is a combination of many different standards used within the e-learning industry. The Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative (ADL) designed this model to combine and reference SCORM standards so that developers can make them work together.  

How SCORM works 

Now that you know about SCOs and Reference Models, it’s time to explain the model in more detail. There are two main versions of SCORM being used today: SCORM 1.2 and SCORM 2004. The difference is small: they both do essentially the same thing. Their main purpose is to package content and facilitate run-time data exchange between the SCOs and the LMS.  

Content packaging 

Content packaging involves creating the SCORM format in which the content will be distributed. Its packaging is based on a .XML file called ‘imsmanifest,’ which defines the SCORM file format and contains all the information an LMS needs for importing and automatically launching content.  

All data about how the course looks in terms of its actual layout and file structure is stored in the imsmanifest.XML file. So how do you create a SCORM content package? There are two options. You can deliver it in a simple directory, such as a USB stick. Or you can save it in a ZIP file.  

In that case, the content is known as PIF: a package interchange file. This is the most common way of delivering this type of file.  

Run time 

Run-time communication defines the way the SCO interacts with the LMS as it is used. This interaction allows the SCO to deliver content and track learner interactions and results. The content must first be located in the LMS. After that, it uses “get” and “set” calls and related vocabulary to communicate with the LMS and control the way the content is used.  

For example, it prompts the LMS to ask for the user’s name or other important tracking information. It also controls messages that the LMS displays to the learner. The entire interactive experience of the LMS is dictated by the breadth of the SCORM vocabulary being used, so the broader the vocabulary, the richer the learner experience.  

Sequencing 

Authors add rules that define the order in which an LMS shows learners content. We call that sequencing. Authors can even set up specific paths they want a learner to take, and adjust these paths per learner. The fact that there are paths set out, also allows learners to save results mid-course and continue at a later point in time.  

SCORM vs. other standards (xAPI, AICC, and cmi5) 

When comparing this model to other e-learning interoperability standards like xAPI (also known as Tin Can API), AICC, and cmi5, key differences emerge in terms of functionality, tracking, and use cases. 

What is SCORM used for? It excels in its simplicity and widespread adoption, making it a go-to choice for organizations looking for LMS compatibility and ease of implementation. However, it has limitations in tracking offline learning or detailed learner interactions beyond basic metrics. 

On the other hand, xAPI is a modern standard designed to track a wider range of learning experiences, including offline activities and collaborative or social learning. AICC, an older standard, offers flexibility for content hosted remotely but has largely been phased out in favor of SCORM and xAPI. cmi5 combines the tracking capabilities of xAPI with the course structure of SCORM, offering a hybrid solution. 

Organizations may prefer SCORM for traditional e-learning environments focused on delivering and tracking modular content. In contrast, xAPI or cmi5 is better suited for dynamic learning ecosystems that require real-time data and diverse activity tracking. 

Advantages of using SCORM 

SCORM offers significant benefits for e-learning professionals. One major advantage is its content reusability. By designing SCOs, organizations can repurpose training materials across different departments or courses without additional development time. 

LMS compatibility is another key benefit. SCORM content integrates seamlessly with any SCORM-compliant LMS, reducing technical barriers. Additionally, its robust tracking features allow managers to monitor learner progress and results, enabling data-driven decisions to improve training outcomes. 

For example, an organization implementing SCORM-based courses can standardize its training approach, ensuring consistent learner experiences across global teams. This streamlining saves time and enhances overall efficiency. 

Challenges and limitations of SCORM 

Despite its strengths, it does not come without challenges. One drawback is its reliance on LMS infrastructure, which limits flexibility for organizations using diverse learning platforms. Additionally, SCORM cannot track offline learning experiences, such as workshops or informal knowledge sharing. 

It also lacks real-time data reporting, which can be a limitation for organizations that need immediate insights into learner performance. Overcoming these challenges often involves hybrid approaches, such as integrating SCORM with xAPI to capture a broader range of activities. 

By understanding what is SCORM, its limitations, and exploring complementary technologies, organizations can unlock its full potential and address any gaps effectively.